Participation by Voluntary Sector Organisations in Public Service Delivery presents Major Challenges to the Organisations

Introduction Voluntary organisations engage in the delivery of public services for various reasons in different nations across the globe. One such reason is to ensure that services are brought closer to the communities. Communities and voluntary sector organisations are critical since they help in â€Å"reforming public services and reinvigorating civic life† (Ponikiewski 2002, p.91).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Participation by Voluntary Sector Organisations in Public Service Delivery presents Major Challenges to the Organisations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This argument implies that, within a nation, such organisations are pivotal in linking operations and repairing gaps in service delivery within communities. They boost the mechanisms of available services through petitioning the government to improve ways of delivering public services and goods that help to advance the lives of its people. Fr om this line of thought, voluntary organisations have important roles to play. However, while playing their roles, they encounter a myriad of challenges. This paper aims to examine and discuss how voluntary organisations may participate in public service delivery. The article first discusses the roles of voluntary organisation in the delivery of public services followed by the challenges encountered by such organisation while executing their roles. These challenges include accountability issues, policy formulation and implementation, collaboration, and the pulling together of resources, improvement in working conditions for paid staff, and better means of funding practices. Role of Voluntary Public Sector Organisations in Public Service Delivery In the UK, there are about half a million voluntary and community-based organisations. These organisations range from â€Å"small and local community-based groups to large, established, national, and international organisations† (Bill is Harris 2006, p.35). Although some of these organisations have their mechanisms for raising income, others largely depend on voluntary members for their operation. In reality, paid professionals manage most of the larger voluntary organisations, thus necessitating a significant sourcing of income, which presents major challenges.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In scholarly discussions of the roles of voluntary organisations in the delivery of public sector services, one dominant matter that attracts discussion is whether voluntary organisations have any purpose in charity work. This subject culminated in a conference entitled Charity Law Conference held in London in 2006. The main concern raised in the conference was a discussion of the role of voluntary organisations in the delivery of public services. Some issues identified could affect an organisation in a negative way. F rom the research findings of a survey conducted by the Directory of Social Change (DSC) in London, 68 percent of respondents surveyed thought that voluntary organisations do not play any roles of charity in the societies within which they are established (Directory of Social Change 2006). In the Public sector, modes of service delivery can be described as being benevolent and socially responsible. Voluntary organisations need to deliver services from this theoretical point of argument. Conversely, if the public sector service delivery could be described as involving the delivery of service through charity, voluntary organisations engaging in delivery of such services, therefore, ought to be described as charitable organisations. However, voluntary organisations fail to meet the classification of being charitable. Charitable organisations are not subject to introspection in the public domain to reveal whether they deliver their mandates precisely. This argument implies that in charit able organisations, the proof of accountability and responsibility does not attract the public interest since the public has no central role in framing certain expectations that must be fulfilled by the organisations. As opposed to charitable organisations, voluntary organisations are â€Å"often subject to greater scrutiny and monitoring processes than the private sector organisations† (Bovens 1998, p.457). Charity is conducted to ensure that the organisations remain accountable.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Participation by Voluntary Sector Organisations in Public Service Delivery presents Major Challenges to the Organisations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The public anticipates particular roles that voluntary organisations need to play in the delivery of public services. One such role is to ensure improved service delivery by the organisations. In this respect, it means that voluntary organisatio ns may act as overseeing organisations for the manner in which the government bureaucratically manages the process of delivery of public services. This case helps in ensuring that government services reach all persons who deserve them. Where the services fail to reach such persons, voluntary organisations act as the voice of the people. The operation of the voluntary organisations must be conducted with an expenditure of funds. Therefore, apart from facing the challenge of where to source funds, issues of internal and external accountability also emerge as discussed below. Internal and External Accountability Public accountability is one of the noble concepts that are universally supported by scholars in the discipline of public administration. In political discourses coupled with policy documents, the term finds an imperative usage since it portrays an image of trustworthiness and transparency (Forrer et al. 2010). These two aspects are crucial in the discussion of the challenges f acing the voluntary organisation that engages in the delivery of public services. Citizens who are also the clients of voluntary organisations have to be satisfied that a system of service delivery through voluntary organisations is able to meet their expectations of the public sector, without exposing funds to the risk of fraud. To this extent, accountability emerges as one of the critical values in public administration and voluntary organisations. Accountability entails making organisations transparently responsible in their dealings, with efforts to enhance their trustworthiness. For this goal to happen, a number of issues must be addressed by organisations seeking to be accountable. One such issue is the development of the facility to deal with emerging issues that could impede the organisation’s efforts to become and remain accountable. For instance, the advent of globalisation presents many challenges to corporations, institutions of public administration, and voluntar y organisations that seek be accountable to many nations. Kearns (2003) supports the argument by adding, â€Å"Globalisation plays the role of shaping the current trends in the global economic markets and the increasing interactions among nations and people from different parts of the world† (p.76).Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Emergence of new interactions that are driven by the advent of globalisation introduces challenges to institutions of public administration, including voluntary organisations in that they handle the emerging new roles to expand their sphere of functionality. The more expansive an institution or any system requiring checks, the harder it becomes to handle all the individual facets of its organisation. This issue may provide loopholes for acts of fraud. Emerging new issues such as those prompted by globalisation also present challenges to an organisation’s public liability due to â€Å" the need to understand the dynamics of global value chains, creating trade facilitation structures, developing partnerships, and the establishment of value chains and networks† (Kearns 2003, p.81). Existence of such new challenges means that voluntary organisation officials have to change their tactics for enhancing accountability, which is due to traditional approaches or styles for publ ic administration cease to be effective in handling all contemporary situations. This aspect may prove to be a challenge to their efforts to become transparently responsible. From the above discussion, it is essential that an organisation that seeks to be accountable in a globalised market needs to consider looking for new approaches to enhance transparency as opposed to traditional approaches. In fact, this point is yet another crucial issue involved in making voluntary organisations answerable both internally and externally. The history of public administration reveals that the primary approach for enhancing accountability is through exercising control and close monitoring of persons who are mandated to execute general duties. This task entails â€Å"bureaucratic discretion through compliance with tightly drawn rules and regulations† (Forrer et al. 2010, p.477). Voluntary organisations form some of the administrations that are subject to a tight control in their operations, as they aim to set an example of good governance that ensures that resources are equally distributed across nations and organisations. Alteration in the approach of bureaucratic discretion as a methodology for enhancing internal and external accountability in voluntary organisations is critical in a modern world that is driven by significant interactions. Rather than direct control, an organisation has to consider implementation of strategies for enhancing accountability based on the concerns of delegation as a methodology for breaking down the bureaucratic approaches to public answerability. The relevance of this issue for a voluntary organisation that wants to be responsible internally and externally rests on the platform that, although delegation is an effective way for enhancing accountability, it has its limitations. A challenge facing a voluntary organisation that is determined to be responsible is thus establishing a balance between and a determination of the extents and per missible thresholds of accountability in the organisation. Voluntary organisations engaging in the delivery of public services also face the challenge of dealing proactively with the issue of balancing the levels of accountability that is anticipated from various stakeholders. In support of this argument, Forrer et al. (2010) believe, â€Å"public managers report not only to a multitude of elected officials, but also to a plethora of interest groups, clientele, media, and other actors† (p.478). This argument means that public administrators serve many conflicting interests of different stakeholders, both formal and informal, through the deployment of appropriate mechanisms for enhancing accountability. The balancing mechanisms that an organisation that seeks to become responsible must deploy include hierarchical accountability and public accountability while not negating deploying of mechanisms for enhancing accountability to impersonal standards. Voluntary organisations that embrace the relevance of accountability as a way of development of trust among various stakeholders must appreciate that one of the important issues they must put into perspective is that they must conform to their established models of accountability in their internal and external structures. Policy Formulation and Implementation Organisational success is measured by the achievement of the purpose for which it was established to serve. This goal cannot be achieved without the development and subsequent implementation of a variety of policies. In case of voluntary organisations, challenges in policy formulations and implementation arise due to the difficulties associated with those who should ensure compliance and which methodologies are required to ensure that the established policies that aim at increasing the ease of accessibility of public goods are implemented. This challenge is significant primarily upon considering the argument, â€Å"the scale of voluntarism and the relati onship between voluntarism and the state have driven to the top of third sector research and policy debate† (Frumkin Andre-Clark 2000, p.331). The main aim of voluntary organisations is to enhance the lives of people. For instance, voluntary organisations operating in the healthcare setting alert people to the risk factors of specific ailments e.g., anti-smoking publicity. While it is easy to develop policies to ensure that this aim is achieved, implementation of specific policies in the healthcare setting requires the action of bureaucratic structure (O’Donnell 2005; Taylor 2007), i.e., laws. Where the person charged with implementation of individual segments of the policies is not paid for the work, compliance to bureaucratically established roles becomes almost impossible. Although the goal of many voluntary organisations is to work with all people, they tend to attract those who are disadvantaged in society. Such persons are marginalised and/or disadvantaged. Conse quently, voluntary organisations require large funds to run the various policies that are in place. The challenges associated with financial capacity to handle large programs as proposed by some of the voluntary organisations make policy implementation experience a major drawback (O’Donnell 2005). In this context, it is paramount to note that voluntary organisations at best identify the needs of the people they serve, although meeting the needs becomes a significant challenge. This case makes it impossible for such organisations to run effectively. Implementing some policies without a voluntary organisation’s social projects can only be done within financial constraints hence making it hard for the organisations to operate as entities that are independent of the state. Even though the state does not interfere with the policies developed, where the implementation of the developed policies requires the support of the national government, such policies must be consistent with the extents to which the government is able to fund various projects that are developed by voluntary organisations for societal gain. Collaboration and pulling together of resources Stemming from discussion raised in the previous section, voluntary organisations in health care cannot operate without close collaboration with the government. Collaboration and pulling together of resources among the government and other organisations that provide health care services, as a public good, is vital since â€Å" collaboration would aid in reduction of competition, duplication and costs and the sector would become more effective† (Ponikiewski 2002). With collaboration, it becomes possible for all stakeholders operating in the organisations to speak with a single voice, especially when talking to the government. In the UK, there are about half a million voluntary organisations (Wilding Wainwright 2006). Coordination and close collaboration of this magnitude of organisations, whic h have their own procedures and ways of operation, present a major challenge. A research by Barr et al. (2009) that was aimed to deduce the collaboration issues that hinder voluntary organisations to pull resources together found that â€Å"43% of voluntary organisations in Canada cited competition with other organisations for funding or revenues to be a major problem† (p.15). Twelve percent of these organisations identified competition as the main challenge that hinders proper coordination of the sector. This finding implies that within the organisations in the sector, several challenges hinder collaboration of all voluntary organisations because small organisations feel that their voice would be engulfed by the voice of the large voluntary organisation when they collaborate on some matters (Hall et al. 2004). Improvement of working conditions for paid staff Large voluntary organisations require human capital to operate effectively. Tantamount to other profit-oriented organi sations, voluntary organisations must balance the costs of paying for labour services provided to them and other activities, which must be accomplished for the organisations to fulfil the purpose for which they are established (Hall et al. 2007). In an effort to keep employees motivated, voluntary organisations must deal with the challenges of improving the working conditions for the paid staff (Glennerster 2008). Where organisations provide low-cost services or free services, the efforts to improve the working conditions for the paid staff present significant challenges to them. In a research to determine the impacts of the challenge of improvement of conditions of paid staff in the UK, Voluntary and Community Action (2009) found that among the organisations interviewed in its research, all participants noted that low salaries coupled with poor working conditions presented significant problems. This aspect resulted in high labour turnover rates, thus making it difficult to hire sta ff with requisite skills and professional expertise (Voluntary and Community Action 2009, Para.8). These challenges can be offset by providing more external, constant, and stable funding to the organisations by the government so that voluntary organisations can become labour competitive. This argument underlines the need for involving the roles played by non-voluntary organisations in the development of public policies at the national level. This strategy is crucial in the effort to ensure that public goods and services provided by the voluntary organisation remain competitive and of similar quality to those offered by profit-making organisations (Hall, McKeown Roberts 2001). For example, even though health care services are offered free of charge in the UK, benchmarks of quality are available elsewhere in the world. However, it is crucial to note that free at point of service does not make the NHS a voluntary organisation. For voluntary organisations dealing with healthcare issues , such as inaccessibility of reasonably priced health cover, quality healthcare to the elderly, for instance, cannot be offered without highly qualified professionalism. Recruiting and maintaining hired employees when impaired by inadequate funds implies that major problems arise in any voluntary organisation. Better Means of Funding Practices In the performance of voluntary organisations, a myriad of practices requires a commitment of funds. Considering the funding challenges encountered by many voluntary organisations, Packwood et al. (2007) argue, â€Å"Funding of operations, the time, and money required when applying for funding to fulfil the reporting requirements of funders amplify the challenge† (p.19). Dealing with these challenges calls for voluntary organisations to construct mechanisms of dealing with operating costs to increase service delivery gains (Hall et al. 2005) such as better healthcare to the public. However, arriving at a collective formula common to all organisations in the sector that will enable all unpaid organisations to operate efficiently presents challenges because the need to remain relevant hinders cooperation amongst various organisations. Research conducted in various charitable organisations reveals that they encounter problems while seeking to source funds from the government. For instance, in a research conducted in Canada by Hall and Andrukow et al. (2003), 48 percent of the studied organisations reported experiencing significant challenges in getting funds from foundations, government, and corporations. Although only 20 percent of the organisations argued that the problem was serious, it is arguable that, since a similar challenge is experienced in the UK, better means of funding remain a major challenge to charitable organisations on the global dimension. Engaging Volunteers Volunteers participate in voluntary organisations through their altruism and to help essential services to the public become realised. This a rgument implies that volunteers form interest groups for voluntary organisations (Championing Volunteering and Civil Society, 2012). They must then be engaged in the development and implementation process of the unpaid organisations’ policies (Community and Voluntary Service 2008; Moxham 2010). Although this role is necessary, not all volunteers’ contributions in the voluntary organisation can be incorporated in the final policies implemented by the organisation. This case may create perceptions of inconsideration of particular people’s contributions. Therefore, engaging the volunteers in the development and implementation of policies within charitable organisation may attract conflicts of interest. Resolving these conflicts encompasses one of the major challenges that these organisations have to deal with in any sector, including those in the health care sector in the UK. Conclusion Voluntary organisations play pivotal roles in ensuring that public services are brought closer to the most deserving persons, such as the marginalised and disadvantaged within communities. They do this by consulting with local and central government on the most successful communal projects, for instance, elderly healthcare services. This paper argues that realisation of these roles encompasses seeking mechanisms of dealing with the challenges encountered along the way. These challenges include engaging volunteers, seeking effective ways of ensuring both internal accountability and external accountability, and policy formulation and implementation. Other challenges discussed in the paper include the need for collaboration and pulling together of resources, improvement of working conditions for paid staff, and seeking better means of funding. Reference List Barr, C. et al. 2009, Strengthening the capacity of non-profit and voluntary organisations to serve Canadians: recommendations based on national survey of non-profits and voluntary organisations, Ottawa Imagi ne, Canada. Billis, M. Harris, N. 2006, Voluntary Agencies: Challenges of Organisation and Management, Macmillan, London. Bovens, M. 1998, ‘The Quest for Responsibility: Accountability and Citizenship in Complex Organisations’, Public Administration, vol. 77 no. 3, pp. 455-474. Championing Volunteering and Civil Society: What We Believe About Public Services 2012. Web. Community and Voluntary Service: Don’t Put All Your Eggs in One Basket – Sustainable Funding Guide 2008. Directory of Social Change 2006, Is public service delivery chainable, Directory of Social Change, London. Forrer, J., Kee, J., Newcomer, K Boyer, E 2010, ‘Public- Private Partnerships and the public accountability question’, Public administration review, vol. 1 no. 1, pp. 475- 484. Frumkin, P. Andre-Clark, A. 2000 ‘When Missions, Markets and Politics Collide: Values and Strategy in the Non-profit Human Services’, Non Profit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, vol . 29 no.1, pp. 328-335. Glennerster, B. 2008, ‘Human services and the voluntary sector: towards a theory of comparative advantage’, Journal of Social Policy, vol. 27 no. 1, pp. 79–98. Hall, M. et al. 2003, The capacity to serve: A qualitative study of the challenges facing Canada’s non-profit and voluntary organisations, Canadian Centre for Philanthropy, Toronto. Hall, M. et al. 2004, Cornerstones of Community: Highlights from the National Survey of Non-profit and Voluntary Organisations, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Hall, M. et al. 2005, The Canadian non-profit and voluntary sector in comparative perspective, Imagine Canada, Toronto. Hall, M. et al. 2007, Cornerstones of community: Highlights of the National Survey of Non-profit and Voluntary Organisations, Catalogue no. 61-533-XPE, Statistics Canada, Ottawa. Hall, M., McKeown, L. Roberts, K. 2001, Caring Canadians, involved Canadians: Highlights from the 2000 National Survey of Giving, Volunteering and Participating, Catalogue no. 71-542-XPE, Statistics Canada, Ottawa. Kearns, P. 2003, â€Å"Accountability in a Seamless Economy†, in G Peters J Pierre (eds), Handbook of Public Administration, Sage Publications, London, pp.76-91. Moxham, C. 2010, Work in Progress? Developing Public- Voluntary Sector Relationships, University of Manchester, Manchester. O’Donnell, R. 2005, â€Å"Public Policy and Social Partnership†, in J Dunne, A Ingram F Litton (eds), Questioning Ireland: Debates in Political Philosophy and Public Policy, Institute of Public Administration, Dublin, pp. 109-121. Packwood, M. et al. 2007, Facing A Challenging Financial Future: Guide for Trustees and Committee Members Of Voluntary Community Sector Organisations, Macmillan, London. Ponikiewski, P. 2002, The London Voluntary Sector Almanac 2000, NCVO, London. Taylor, M. 2007, ‘Between Public and Private: Accountability in Voluntary Organisations’, Policy and Politics, vol. 24 no. 1 , pp. 87-103. Voluntary and Community Action: Developing a Sustainable Fundraising Strategy 2009, . Wilding, J. Wainwright, P. 2006, The UK Voluntary Sector, NCVO, London. This essay on Participation by Voluntary Sector Organisations in Public Service Delivery presents Major Challenges to the Organisations was written and submitted by user Madilynn Andrews to help you with your own studies. 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Moreover, based on literature it has been found that shor term methods like condoms, injections and pills are prone to failure during typical usage and due to incorrect usage (Kost, Singh, Vaughan, Trussell, Bankole, 2008), while failure of long term methods like depot preparations or intrauterine devices is less and these methods are safe, with few side-effects and have with high continuation rate (Searle, 2014). There are multiple reasons for method failure including incorrect or inconsistent usage or uncertain effectiveness of the chosen method (Trussell Portman, 2013). When I asked her future plans about the usage of family planning methods, she was found to be very willing and ambitious for using appropriate methods for planning her next pregnancy with an appropriate gap. However, I got confused for a moment and became hesitant about discussion on such sensitive topic with my client but I advised her to use male method (condom) and she said her husband had been using this method but it was also not that much effective. As she said this sentence, my level of confidence went down and I got diverted from the actual topic of interest and started asking her about other health problems. In this way, the interview with client ended and I recognized that I was unable to help my client. After coming back from this community rotation, on one hand, I was happy to found a cooperative client who helped me to complete the assessment form and on the other hand, I was dissatisfied as I wasn’t able to ease my client to resolve her concern. Although, I was aware about family planning methods that might had helped my client but my counseling skills were not up to mark, therefore I could not help my client to develop insight for her problems. Furthermore, I could not prove to be a helpful person for her family as I could not address the needs of the family despite knowing that the client was supposed to be counseled for family planning in an appropriate way. Although, the concept of holistic approach for a client is comprehensible from theoretical aspect but sometimes it becomes difficult to apply the same concept in real life. This meeting with my client helped me to reflect on my limitations to assess the needs and counsel the family in an appropriate way. When I reflected , I identified several reasons of inappropriate counseling. The important and foremost reason was that it was my first experience therefore I wasn’t enough confident about the appropriate way of counseling particularly for such sensitive topics like Family Planning. In addition to this, I also found that before counseling the clients on such sensitive topics, one need to have appropriate skills and mastery which were lacking in me during the time of interview. I also realized that I had advised mother to use a family planning method which was not basically counseling rather a suggestion which was not enough to develop insight in my client about her problem. Secondly, I was not aware about different types of family planning methods, therefore I could not convince my client to use the methods which were suitable for her as I had not learned much about family planning and nor I have visited any family planning center at that point in time. Moreover, being a stude nt I was not comfortable to discuss such issues with my client which was related to reproductive and sexual health. In addition to this, I should have built strong rapport with my client that would have definitely assisted me to resolve the concern of my client. Apart from this, I should have allowed my client to deal with her feelings and make her own informed choices. This could have been supported by in-depth assessment of my client regarding the use of short term methods like pills, condoms and injections. This could have helped me to do a root cause analysis of method failure and which in turn would have helped me to come up with suitable solutions for her. I could have taken support from my theory class content regarding family planning before setting time with the client in the community. Moreover, I should have involved the husband during the counseling because pregnancy planning is not entire responsibility of woman herself but it is the joint responsibility of husband and wife. The support from partner is very important for adapting any contraceptive method. Quality of couple’s relationship and inter-spousal communication and its effect on contraceptive use has also been supported by literature (Akanbi,et al., 2011). Moreover spousal communication has been identified as a good predictor of contraceptive use and fertility preferences (Link, 2011). Secondly, the involvement of expert counselor of family planning would have become an excellent approach and I should have taken some ideas or skills from my reproductive health faculty before visiting the client herself. Besides this, integrated counseling frameworks of family planning such as GATHER or REDA frameworks could have applied practically in the community (The Acquire Project, 2008). These frameworks guide the health care providers to explore the problems of client systematically without breeching their confidentiality. Moreover, it also helps clients to make informed choices for themselves after having the in-depth knowledge about the suitable family planning methods. Due to my insufficient knowledge and experience, I could not apply these frameworks practically. Moreover, I should’ve done a mock exercise of counseling by taking help from my faculty who must have helped me by providing a platform for mock before going to community. For future, I would try to do the in depth assessment of the needs of a client by involving spouse as well. Moreover, I would try to get the expert opinion regarding family planning counseling by integrating different approaches of family planning counseling. This would enhance my knowledge about family planning counseling skills. Additionally, I would try to discuss such sensitive issues with the client by having enough knowledge about the family planning methods. I would also try to build a strong rapport with the client in order to discuss the issues related to sexual and reproductive health very openly and freely. In conclusion, I was very much satisfied because I was able to reflect on the whole event and also identified my limitations. This whole reflection and critical thinking helped me to develop future plan which would assist me in future to counsel the women regarding family planning methods in an appropriate way. Skilled Labour: Types and Shortage in Malaysia Construction Skilled Labour: Types and Shortage in Malaysia Construction The skilled labour in the construction industry generally refers to those who were being trained within a long period and they have brought some specialized technical industry skills in advancing the construction projects. Normally the works requiring the labour who has high degree of manual skill. The labour can be considered as a skilled labour if they are able to fulfill the requirement. Types of Skilled Labour According to the Construction Industry Skill Standards, CIDB (1998), there are many types of skilled labour. The following types are: Concretor Plasterer Bar Bender Carpenter Tiler Bricklayer Scalffolder Mobile Crane Operator Tower Crane Operator Earthwork Plant Operator Concretor A concretor builds the concrete structures parts such as columns, beams, floors and walls. The concrete can be mixed by hand or in concrete mixer or utilize ready-mixed concrete. The duties shall include the following: Identify materials for concrete mixture Pour concrete into formwork Mix concrete Place and compact concrete Perform curing of concrete Plasterer The duties of a plasterer at level 1 are to apply one coat of various kinds of plaster to walls as a finishes. The other duties include the following: Apply cement plaster to flat wall Apply cement render finish coat to flat walls Apply cement plaster to internal and external angles Apply finish coat to internal and external angles At level 2, they are necessary to apply a protective and decorative covering of plaster or render to the surfaces of building. The other duties include the following: Prepare overhead surfaces of plastering Fixing wire mesh to exterior surfaces before plastering Install plaster cornice and mouldings Plastering to overhead surfaces Apply granolithic or textured finish Bar Bender After cut and bend the reinforcement bars then bar benders are try to fix them into the forms of concrete. They also have to combine the bars together with wires or fasteners or by welding. After that, place the bars in forms and fixes them in position of reinforces concrete with wire mesh. The others duties include the following: Prepare tools and materials Fabrication of steel Install steel bars and wire mesh Carpenter The works include cutting, notching, boring, sinking, pelleting, fitting, trimming, mitreing, halving, morticing, tenoning, dovetailing, scarfing and wedging and for all ends, splayed edges, short lengths and temporary supports. The others duties include the following: Prefabricated the forms and fixes them into the right position Set out the correct position for fixing the forms Prepare any temporary support for the forms Dismantle the forms Tiler A tiler at level 1 has to place tiles to surface walls and floors according to specified designs which may include the process of applying plaster coat and cement mortar layer. The tiles shall be laid in rows and tapped them into place. Next, align the rows of tiles by using the spirit level. He also requires lying paving stones, bricks, and wood blocks. The others duties include the following: Apply finish coat to floor rendering Apply screed to receive tile Prepare vertical backing surface for wall tiling Set out and lay tiles on walls and floors Perform rendering and apply backing surface to lay the floor tiles Set out and lay paving on base During level 2, the tasks of a tiler will be more complicated. The tiler has to set more complex mosaic panels on walls, prepare and sets marble blocks, installs and repairs the parquet flooring and applies terrazzo finish to floors. The others duties include the following: Set out and lay tiles to soffit Set out and lay parquet and polyvinyl chloride tiles Set out and lay cast in-situ terrazzo Fix tiles to a curved wall Spreading and levelling of mortar mix Cutting and trimming units Perform polishing and grinding Bricklayer A bricklayer is responsible to lay bricks and blocks (except stones) by using various kinds of bonds in order to form the walls, partitions, arches and other structures at level 1. The others duties include the following: Worksite preparation Construct opening of brick wall Construct concrete masonry structures Construct attached and isolated pier They also work for more complex decorative structures at level 2 which may include repair to existing brickwork. The others duties include the following: Construct brick steps Construct glass block panel Construct curved wall Construct hollow block reinforced wall and column Construct complex arch Scaffolder A general scaffolder performs his basic skills and techniques for level 1. A scaffolder is to erect and dismantle various types of metal scaffolding such as platforms, upright and horizontal members. The others duties include the following: Selection and inspection of equipments Erection and dismantling of scaffold Maintenance of scaffold A tube and coupler scaffolder at level 2 is to erects and dismantle metal scaffolding which also include the following: Cantilevered and spurred scaffolds Cantilevered crane loading platforms Mast climbers Additional remarks: This standard applies to every metal tube scaffolding not exceeding 40 m in height and prefabricated scaffolding not exceeding 15 m in height. A Professional Engineers verification is requiring for the design and construction of scaffolding beyond those heights. Competency as general Scaffolder is an additional requirement in order to comply with these standards Mobile Crane Operator A mobile crane operator operates crane mounted on wheel or tracks which can be driven under his own control. The others duties include the following: Pre-operational check Post operational check Maintain the operation and maintenance of crane Tower Crane Operator As a tower crane operator needs to operate the crane that consists of a turning metal tower which moves on rails and equips at the top with a mobile or fixed jib. Normally the crane is supported the hoisting equipment. The others duties include the following: Pre-operational check Post operational check Operation and maintenance of the crane Earthwork Plant Operator An earthwork plant operator has to carry out the power driven machine mounted on wheels or crawler tracks equipped with all the movable shovel, grad bucket and etc. This machine is used during the excavation and motion of the earth, rock, and sand. The others duties include the following: Pre-operational check on machinery Ensure the operation of the equipment Factors that caused the Labour Shortage Problem Introduction The problem of labour shortage has being existed since 1970s. According to the Master Builders Association Malaysia (MBAM), with the implementation of 9th Malaysia Plan (9MP) and the letters of intent has been awarded to get projects under way, Malaysian construction industry has began to surface problem of labour shortage. We must pay more attention on the serious impacts that caused by this problems and appropriate actions must be taken at once in order to solve this problem effectively. Factors There are several factors that influence to the poor participation of labour in construction industry. The strong growth of the economy, poor image, lack of training system, large number of foreign labour were contribute to the shortage of labour in construction industry. Those factors are being listed below and adopted from the MBAM report, previous newspaper and the articles. Working Conditions and environment Most of the labours in the construction industry are worked in full time, and sometimes the working hours are more than 40 hours in a week. In 2008, there are about 18% of labour have worked 45 hours or more per week. They have to work until midnight if there are under special condition. They have no rest day in weekends or even public holiday. The construction labour usually does not get paid if they are unable to work due to the inclement weather. There are less people willing to participate in the construction works because of the working environment and the condition. According to MBAM report, the working environment for the skilled labour in the construction industry can be considered as not good enough. For instance, the location of the construction site is unstable and many of the buildings are only use for temporary purpose. So, they have to often move their dwelling place once the construction project has been completed. Therefore, the environment of the site is getting the severe air pollution and it will affect our health. In addition, some of the construction site is located at undeveloped area that lack of basic amenities. Other than that, majority of labour are work direct expose to the sun in the construction site. There are not so many people that capable work under this environment. Poor Welfare in Construction Industry Poor welfare is one of the factors that caused problem of labour shortage. This problem will occur when there are irresponsible contractors omitted to take out welfare such as SOCSO or EPF. Basically, welfare shall provide to the labour in accordance with the requirements. For example, contractors should provide comfortable temporary accommodations for the labour who works at outstation, but the contractors never fulfil their obligations and thus provide them a dirty and small place. Most of the people will take care what are the welfare they can get from the company. Once they cant get any protection from the company, they are not willing to join the construction industry. Government Policy in restricted the number of foreign labour Moreover, government policy in restricted the numbers of foreign labour join into construction industry is also one of the factors that caused the labour shortage problem happen. According to the Human Resources Minister Datuk Dr Fong Chan Onn said in Star Newspaper on 19 July 2000, the Malaysia planned to reduce the number of foreign labour drastically over the coming next few years. As a government policy that accordance with Berita Harian government policy on 29 February 2000, Deputy Prime Minister, Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, it stated that one company not allowed hiring foreign labour which more than one third of their total number of company staff and each labour will not require to work more than eight years in Malaysia. So far according to The Sun on 1st July 1999, Prof. Datuk Abdul Rahman Abdullah, chief executive of Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB), there are not much Malaysian are interested to join in construction industry and almost 75% labours are come from other countries. Further to this, according to Deputy Prime Minister Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin on 20th May 2010, Malaysia will raise the levy on foreign workers in 2011, after having deferred the implementation last year. He said that the quantum of increase would vary based on the specific sectors which employ the foreign workers. After that, the policy is to reduce our dependency on foreign workers and this will be done in stages in the long run. According to the 2006/2007 Economic Report released on September 2006, Malaysia aims to reduce the number of foreign workers in the country from 1.84 million to 1.5 million by 2010. It is envisaged that by that time, only 200,000 foreign workers will remains in the construction industry. Thus through this government policy, Malaysias construction industry will have a big problem on this labour shortage. Sources: Ministry of Home Affairs Malaysia, personal correspondence. Department of Immigration, Pusat Bandar Damansara, Kota Kinabalu Kuching the Deaprtment of Labour Sarawak (letter from the department to writer dated 14 Mac 2005) Economy of Malaysia The economic that Malaysia has seen for last decade is one of the leading causes of the worker shortage. The economic always play an important role in the need for labour. There are many construction activities will be carried out during the peak period of economy, therefore the need for the labour is relatively become higher. On the contrary, the problem of labour shortage will occur when the economic downturn because the construction works will be delayed and suspended where the client is not capable to complete the progress payments. The labour cannot get the daily income which fixed by the client. Thus many of them will migrate to the other countries where necessary the construction labour work at their construction industry. Furthermore, while the economic is recovered, we may also face the problem in recruiting the workforce in construction industry since majority of them are already adapted their new working environment in other countries. Insufficient training system In Malaysia, the professional basic training is being deficiency. According to the 2005 Labour Shortage Action Plan, it became evident that the labour shortage problem is multilateral and has consequence from a wide range of interlinking factors. In addition, the learning and the training system that introduced by construction industry are not flexible to meet the changes of the progress of construction works at once. There is no opportunity for the unskilked labour being trained so that only the skilled labours are capable to carry out the more complicated works during construction works. According to the research information, it reveals that only 45% of construction companies involve learning and development training after all the major decisions have been made or during the final stages of the project. A further 9% do not involve in learning and development training at all. Other 27% of companies involve learning and developments training at the inception planning stages and in a further 19% of are introduced it at the initial implementation stage. Young Generations unwilling to take part in construction industry The poor image of construction industry can be defined into 3D syndrome attached to the industry. There are dirty, dangerous and difficult. In respect on this 3D syndrome, local youth would rather be unemployed despite working in the construction industry. The construction industry was considered dirty and it is unsatisfactory because most of the construction site is located at the undeveloped area and normally lack of basic amenities or public services. Most of the facilities which located at the construction site do not have well practices and also not comply under the requirements of governing construction activities. In Malaysia, there are minor issues those accidents on construction site. It is not only involve labour, but also cause badly injured and even death to the general public. All of this accident has results on poor participation of labour in construction industry. In certain circumstances, the construction activities can be very complicated due to the differentiation in type of the project as well as the surrounding project environment. Majority of youths are difficult to perform well during construction works. Moreover, it has the difficulties in maintaining the cooperative between the staff and the project team members. The youngsters with high level of educations are prefer to work under a good working condition such as office work rather than to work at site that always exposed to the sun.

Define the Key Terms Essay

Application: Generally, a function on any kind of computer or electronic device that is useful to the user, which can give the user a reason to want to own and use the device. More specifically, software that performs some useful function for a user. Computer network: A combination of many components that work together so that many different devices can communicate. Computer networking: The gerund form of the term computer network. Email: Electronic mail. An application in which the user can type text and attach other files to create the electronic equivalent of a postal letter, and send the email to another person using his or her email address. Enterprise network: A network owned and operated by a company, with that company being somewhat larger than typical, generally (but not exactly) with more than 1000 employees. HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol, The protocol  used by web browsers and web servers to define the format of URLs (web addresses) and the messages used to exchange web objects. Internet/the Internet: The global network formed by interconnecting most of the networks on the planet, with each home and company network connecting to an Internet service provider (ISP), which in turn connects to other ISPs. Link: A generic term for any network cable or wireless communications path between two devices over which bits can be transmitted. Node: A generic term for any networking device that sits on the end of links, for the purpose of both connecting links to create physical paths and to make decisions about how to forward data through the network. Protocol: A set of rules that different devices and/or software must follow so that the network works correctly. Video frame: A grid of pixel locations of a chosen width by height that contains the lights/colors to be shown in a video at a single point in time. Voice call: A more modern term for a telephone call that does not use the word telephone, instead emphasizing the fact that the traffic that flows between the endpoints is voice. Web address: Text that identifies details about one object in a network so that a client can request that object from a server. An informal term for URL. Web browser: Literally, software controlled directly by a user that requests web pages from a web server, and after receiving a page, displays the web page in a window. More generally, this term refers to both the software and the hardware on which it executes. Web page: In a web browser, all the text, images, video, and sound that fill the window of the browser when the user opens a link to some web address. Web server: Literally, software that stores web pages and web objects, listens for requests for those pages, and sends the contents of those pages/objects to clients. More generally, this term refers to both the software and the hardware on which it executes.

Play And Physical Health Essay

Play is characterized by behaviors that are intrinsically motivated and self initiated. It is a process oriented, non-literal and pleasurable activity. it also has other characteristics as being exploratory, among other things (Fromberg, 2002). Play is an encompassing activity that affects the physical (Frost et al. 2001), social (Murata & Maeda, 2002), emotional and cognitive development of the child. (Murata & Maeda, 2002) Children spend an ample of their time playing. Children interact with their peers and parents most time by playing with them. A lot of their interaction with their parents builds their intellectual prowess. They learn to build social bonds with their family. (Rivkin 1995) . Moreover, interacting with their peers help them to become individuals that are completely incorporated into the society. Interaction with their colleagues sometimes brings about traumatic experiences like inflicting bodily wounds. The effect of what they do might linger with them for the rest of their lives. However sweet the playing experience could be, it can also be nasty. Aside from sharpening the physical and mental agility of a child, playing can also bring upon them serious medical emergencies as a result of accidents. Although play is an important part of sociological interaction, it is one of the major ways by which children learn role playing. Playing is also a way by which children keep themselves healthy. (Murata & Maeda, 2002) Play is good for the children but in order for it to bring out the desired results, it must be in the right environment (Rivkin 1995). The environment must be attractive enough to facilitate the play so as to encourage the action. In selecting play objects for children, it is important to consider their abilities and temperament so as not to inadvertently hand them tools that they can use in inflicting bodily harm to themselves and their peers. Also, they must play under the supervision of an older adult to monitor their activities. Play is pleasurable, it is good for the development of the child but it must not be allowed to get out of hand.

How to Start a Publishing Company in 5 Steps the 2019 Edition

How to Start a Publishing Company in 5 Steps the 2019 Edition How to Start a Publishing Company in 2019 If you’ve ever watched the reality show Shark Tank, you may have found yourself daydreaming about starting your own business. And if you’re an indie author who’s learning the self-publishing ropes, you might be wondering if you should  start your own publishing business - as opposed to just doing everything under your own name.So before we get to the details of how to start a publishing company, let’s start by addressing that question first: should you start a publishing company? The answer might be yes if you:Are publishing one or more series of books (the hassle of starting a company might not be worth it if you’re looking to publish just one title)Are working in an area with a higher risk of liability (such as health-related or technical books) - or are simply looking for added protection of your personal assetsAre looking to operate as a â€Å"professional† writer (as opposed to a â€Å"hobbyist† writer)Have a concrete brand th at you would like to expand to include similar books by other authorsIf these criteria don’t apply to you, you’re likely better off publishing your books under your own name. But if they ring a bell, then this guide to starting a publishing company is a great place to start.Note: this advice is not coming from legal professionals, and any business ventures should be taken after consideration of local laws and consulting with professionals. What follows mainly applies to starting a company in the United States.Disclaimer withstanding, let’s get started! Should you start your own publishing company? Learn how to answer that question. The benefits of starting your own publishing companyTo help you better understand whether this is the right time for you to start your own publishing company, let’s look at the benefits a little closer.Air of professionalismWhile self-publishing is a major accomplishment that should be viewed with pride, many bookstores and libraries will not stock their shelves with books clearly published by authors. In addition, readers are often less likely to purchase an obviously self-published title as they’d prefer to go with books that have been vetted by publishers - which of course means they’re missing out on some great reads! This is just how author Joseph Alexander grew his own publishing business (and became a self-published millionaire in the meantime). While writing and publishing a series of non-fiction books about learning guitar, Joseph spent a good deal of time building his web presence and learning about branding. His sales began to take off and other musicians began approaching him to publish their own books. As Joseph says, â€Å"We split the profits 50/50. I grew my publishing company and they got great royalties.† His publishing company, Fundamental Changes, now boasts a long list of bestselling titles. Tips for starting your own publishing company #selfpub Tips for starting a publishing companyBefore you can fire up the presses and take the publishing world by storm, there are a few T’s to cross and I’s to dot to give your business the best chance for success.Evaluate your goals to startStarting a publishing company requires authors to fully become an entrepreneur in their own right and is not an endeavor to be taken lightly. If you’re toying with the idea, here are a few questions to ask yourself:Why do you want to start a publishing company?What kind of books do you want to publish?Will you publish your books only, or titles from other authors, too?What income range are you expecting this business to yield?How do you see your business growing in the next year? 5 years? Ten years?These are questions you should readily and passionately be able to answer before you get started, as they will affect your business decisions.Establish your business structureWe know, we know, can’t we just skip ahead to the fun pa rt, like choosing a company name? Not just yet, there’s some important groundwork to be laid first, like deciding exactly what type of company you are looking to start.Businesses come in many shapes and forms. When it comes to publishing in most territories, the main choices are:Sole proprietorship: a business operated and owned by one person. The simplest business form, but not the most risk-free (keep reading).Corporation: a group of people or an organization authorized to manage the company as a single entity. A more complex business form.Partnership: two or more parties contractually agree to manage and operate a businessLLC: provides the protection of assets that a corporation receives with versatility and pass-through tax benefits of a partnership or sole proprietorship (meaning a business taxes can be paid through someone’s personal tax return).Most authors will decide to start their own publishing companies as an LLC or sole proprietorship, as these are the mos t flexible and simple business forms of the bunch. However, our personal suggestion is that you set up as an LLC. As mentioned before, LLCs offer the most liability protection, meaning your personal assets are protected from any debts incurred by the business.For more information on what structure best suits your goals, check out the Small Business Administration.Choose a company nameAfter all that business talk it’s time to have some fun: it’s time to christen your publishing company! Here’s a couple of things to keep in mind when deciding on a name:Branding. What market or niche are you targeting? In which genre does your company publish? These questions will help you refine your company’s brand - and its name should be a reflection of that. If you’re planning to publish middle-grade fiction primarily, choose a name that reflects that. Take a look at other publishing companies to get a sense of how their name reflects their brand.Relatability. W e live in a fast-paced world and your allotted time frame to capture someone’s attention is slim to none. So it pays to be strategic when coming up with a name, and to use words that readers will already be familiar with. If there’s a made-up word you really want to use, ask yourself what it will communicate - if anything - to people at first glance.Keep it short and to the point. Superkalifragilistikexpialigetisch Press isn’t a smart move.Don’t use the word â€Å"Inc.† unless you are actually planning to incorporate your businessFinally, make sure whatever name you choose hasn’t already been taken! Check if the name is already trademarked and then search for the availability of the URL-version on a domain registrar site like GoDaddy.Make it officialJust because you’ve had business cards printed, doesn’t mean your business is live yet. There are still a few more ducks to get in a row. Just to name a few...Obtain your Employer Identification Number (EIN) This is a nine-digit number provided by the IRS that includes information about the state the business is registered in. Think of it a bit like your company’s social insurance number. Learn more here.Set up a business bank account After you’ve received an EIN, you can register for a business bank account which will allow you to keep your business and personal finances separate. This will ensure your personal assets are protected should a lawsuit ever arise (knock on wood, this is just a precaution!) and it will make it easier for you come tax season.Also, consider setting up a PayPal account for online transactions.Set up an accounting system Stifle that yawn, because this is an important, can’t-be-overlooked step! Whether you’re using a free resource like Google Sheets, a paid tool like Quickbooks, or outsourcing accounting work to a professional, nailing your bookkeeping practices down from the start is essential. It will help you track which of your efforts are paying off and ensure you have a record of all expenses which will be handy for tax write-offs.Here are a few pieces of accounting software that might come in handy:Quickbooks. With over 4.8 million users worldwide, it’s one of the most popular accounting applications. While it has a vast number of tools for all kinds of business (brick and mortar, e-commerce, home-based, etc.), it caters especially to small businesses.Freshbooks. A great option for invoicing needs, it allows users to easily add billable time and expenses, customize the look of the invoice, and set up recurring invoices, automatic payment reminders, and late fees.Zoho Books. This is a good option for very small businesses looking for a simple solution. It offers basic accounting features, with the option to integrate and access advanced tools as your business grows.Wave Financial. If you’re looking for a free option, this might be your best bet. It doesn’t have any bells and whistles, but it does offer no-charge, cloud-based accounting functions designed specifically for small businesses.Register your domain name When people want to know more about your company, it’s likely their natural response will be to Google it. A website is the best way to capture those interested leads and to tell people more about your business. Again, we recommend GoDaddy for this.Grow your teamTrust us, your publishing company will only get by with a little help from some friends. Professional ones, hopefully, with lots of experiencing in publishing. Growing your team is especially necessity if you want to become one of the big players in publishing.Launching successful titles comes with a lot of specialized work, such as editing, cover design, interior formatting, web design, marketing, etc. Luckily you can turn to online marketplaces (such as Reedsy!) to hire those services - and you don’t need to break the bank at the same time. One of the benefits of starting a publishing company these days is that you can keep things pretty lean by building a network of freelancers you trust, without getting tie d down to a head-count.And you won’t be alone: more and more traditional publishers are looking to freelancers to help develop books.We hope this information helps you decide whether starting a company is the right path for you, and, if so, how to start a publishing company that hits the ground running.Starting a business comes with its fair share of ups and downs; learnings and mistakes. If you’ve started your own publishing company, help spread the knowledge by sharing your experiences! And, as always, any thoughts or questions are encouraged in the comments below.

Free Essays on Summary

The International Astronomical Union Circular #6837 released by Brian Marsden on March 11 was published to report the findings Marsden’s group had come across. Marsden stated in the publication that â€Å"the chance of an actual collision is small†¦but one is clearly not out of the question† (Marsden). Marsden’s group has supposedly come across evidence that supported that the asteroid 119XF11 could possibly collide with the earth. Just one day later, evidence dismissing the report was found and published. I think the scientists should not have published their original data, which showed the small possibility of the asteroid 1197XF11 colliding with the earth. Their theories should not have been published without months, maybe years of lose observation of the asteroid and its orbit. A closer investigation of the asteroid showed that there was no chance at all that the asteroid would collide with the earth. If the astronomers had waited to further investigate their â€Å"discovery,† they would have known that there were pictures of the asteroid taken in 1990, pictures which provided hard evidence that the asteroid would in fact not collide with the earth. The sad thing is, the day after the report’s publication, this news broke out. The astronomers had caused a media frenzy over nothing. The media had a field day with the astronomer’s report of the possibility of an asteroid colliding with the earth’s atmosphere. The media always blows its reports of pain and suffering out of proportion, so the bare thought of our human race sharing the same fate the dinosaurs were believed to have had is bound to be over exaggerated. I think a lot pf people overreacted, and I think they should have. Most of us have heard the theories of the dinosaurs’ extinction being caused by a meteor collision with earth. The thought of the same fate for mankind in 2028 would scare almost anyone. The media also has a great effect o... Free Essays on Summary Free Essays on Summary The International Astronomical Union Circular #6837 released by Brian Marsden on March 11 was published to report the findings Marsden’s group had come across. Marsden stated in the publication that â€Å"the chance of an actual collision is small†¦but one is clearly not out of the question† (Marsden). Marsden’s group has supposedly come across evidence that supported that the asteroid 119XF11 could possibly collide with the earth. Just one day later, evidence dismissing the report was found and published. I think the scientists should not have published their original data, which showed the small possibility of the asteroid 1197XF11 colliding with the earth. Their theories should not have been published without months, maybe years of lose observation of the asteroid and its orbit. A closer investigation of the asteroid showed that there was no chance at all that the asteroid would collide with the earth. If the astronomers had waited to further investigate their â€Å"discovery,† they would have known that there were pictures of the asteroid taken in 1990, pictures which provided hard evidence that the asteroid would in fact not collide with the earth. The sad thing is, the day after the report’s publication, this news broke out. The astronomers had caused a media frenzy over nothing. The media had a field day with the astronomer’s report of the possibility of an asteroid colliding with the earth’s atmosphere. The media always blows its reports of pain and suffering out of proportion, so the bare thought of our human race sharing the same fate the dinosaurs were believed to have had is bound to be over exaggerated. I think a lot pf people overreacted, and I think they should have. Most of us have heard the theories of the dinosaurs’ extinction being caused by a meteor collision with earth. The thought of the same fate for mankind in 2028 would scare almost anyone. The media also has a great effect o...

What characterizes 21st century university students Essay

What characterizes 21st century university students - Essay Example Rapidly developing technologies change the way people collect, use, and transmit information. In fact, they change the relationship between a person and knowledge he gets. Sir Francis Bacon pointed it out that knowledge is power. It is the main factor in the education. However the present situation has changed approaches in obtaining this key factor. G. Graff in The Ships in the Night tells about two undergraduate students; one of them claims that he trashes objectivity in art history, and thus he presupposes it in political science. When asked which course she prefers, another student replies: „Well, I’m getting an A in bothâ€Å". These examples imply that the students have become cynical relativists. A. Bloom in The Student and the University tells about a student of A. Koyre, who has written in his paper Mr. Aristotle, having in mind the image of contemporary but not the Ancient philosopher. Both authors discuss not only problem of institutional matters, but qualiti es of the students, as well. As a current student , I learnt two different academic approaches: the middle-European and the American one. Although the two educational systems differ in many aspects, there is a certain common feature: students face enough difficulties in their way of getting a good education. And it is not only students’ fault.... Graff argues that, what is learned seems so specific to a particular course that it is difficult for students to see its application beyond. The author compares the situation with ships in the night, which are lonely, without a clear perspective of the way they are following, and with no conversation between them. The ships in the night follow the different directions, although they could have cooperated. Broadening the question, Bloom argues that universities now offer no â€Å"distinctive vision†; this implies the presence of â€Å"a democracy of the disciplines† and ability to choose any course one wants. When a student arrives at the university, â€Å"he finds a bewildering variety of departments and a bewildering variety of courses† (Bloom, 1996). According to Bloom, there is neither an official guidance, nor a university agreement of what he should study. Thus, it is impossible to make a reasonable choice. Both, Graff and Bloom, discuss the contemporary uni versity education system problems, which deal first of all with absence of corresponding curriculum courses and at the same time with a big number of the courses, which can be taken. Except this, it is claimed that there is no conversation and connection among the courses – each discipline seems to be particularly different from others. A university as a knowledge server provides nowadays a great amount of information; there are even those courses, the very name of which seems to be vague: for instance, â€Å"Ways to philosophy†, â€Å"Modern society and sociological theories†, â€Å"Arguments about human nature†, â€Å"Dualist views development†, etc. Under these names there

ROSACEA Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ROSACEA - Assignment Example It will also note triggers to avoid, and alleviating factors to use for relief of symptoms, on which you can educate your patient. The condition may affect all segments of the population. However, it is most likely to affect people with fair skin that tend to flush easily (National Rosacea Society, 2015). It is also most likely to be found in women. The disease may also develop severe symptoms that are most evident in men (National Rosacea Society, 2015). There are various symptoms of the disorder. The symptoms sometimes are periodic. The primary symptom is where the skin turns red (NHS, 2014). However, there are other symptoms that develop as the condition progresses. They include burning and stinging sensation, long lasting redness, spots, and visibility of small blood vessels in the skin (NHS, 2014). The condition has no known cure. Treatment entails self-help measures and some form of medication. The most effective way is to avoid known triggers for the condition such as hot drinks, alcohol, and exposure to sunlight (NHS, 2014). There are medications that are used in relieving symptoms. Hence, the patient needs to be well educated on how to use such medications. Some forms of medication such as the use of creams and gels may help in reducing spots and redness. There is also some oral medication used in relieving severe spots (NHS,